Volcanology: Volcanic Activities, Chemistry and Effects on Environment
نویسنده
چکیده
Volcanic eruptions are one of the World’s largest sources of hazards. This chapter reviews the main concepts of modern volcanological research, which is aimed at understanding how volcanoes work and how to mitigate the risk. The article starts by describing what volcanoes are, and how they are shaped by volcanic eruptions. The main mechanisms for magma formation and migration are then reviewed, following magma from the mantle up to the surface, where it erupts, with different behaviours depending on its chemical/physical properties, and its eventual contact with large quantities of water. The rise of magma towards the surface generates a series of phenomena, involving, for instance, seismicity and ground deformations. Observations of these phenomena are used to recognize pre-eruptive patterns and ultimately to forecast eruptions. The chapter continues by describing the main kinds of hazard associated with volcanic eruptions and the best techniques for forecasting them.
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